Botkin & Keller- 8th Edition
Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological
Invasions
1: What is biological
diversity?
Biological diversity Is the variety of life forms.
2: What is a population?
population Is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.
3: What is a species?
species are all individuals that are capable of interbreeding.
4: What are the 9 reasons why
people value
biodiversity?
Utilitarian, public-service, ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreational, spiritual and creative
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: total number of genetic characteristics of a specific specie or a group of species
* Habitat Diversity: the different kinds of habitat in a given unit area
* Species Diversity: has qualities of species richness, evenness and dominance.
* Species Richness: Total number of species
* Species Evenness: relative Abundance of species
* Dominant Species: most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of
life?
Eukaryota, bacteria and archaea
6: What is biological
evolution?
The change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological
diversity.
caused by changes in genes. Different genes make different DNA, which make different species
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
natural selection is the process of increasing the proportion of offspring . primary factors are
Genetic variability
environmental variability
Differential reproduction
Influence of the environment on survival and reproduction
A Closer Look 8.1
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria
Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection
Mosquitos found a resistance for DDT because they were highly affected by it, so it shows natural selection because from generation to generation the fitness of the mosquitoes become strong and resist DDT
Migration and Geographic Isolation
1: How does Darwin’s Finches
demonstrate the idea of Adaptive
Radiation?
The finches were related to dingle species found else were and they were separated fro other species found on Galapagos Island
2: Define: Genetic
Drift
Is the changes in the frequency of a gene in a population simply by chance
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
The founder effect is when number of individual are isolated from a larger population, and because it happens by chance it demonstrate genetic drift.
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of
Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution
tells us the following about
biodiversity:
1:Biological diversity is always changing
2: Adaptation has no rigid rules, one threat to ne specie is threat to another.
3: Species and population become geographically isolated from time to time
4:Speices are always evolving and adapting to environmental change.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel
into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
the American gray squirrel our compete British red squirrel which was on the land first and this demonstrated the principle because if there was only British red squirrel they wouldn't be out competed
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
explains how so many species can coexist.
2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental is where species can live, realized is where species are living in
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two
organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called
a: Symbiont_________________
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
If neither of the two species can't survive without each other
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and
dogs
dogs being friendly and helpful to humans has made them very abundant
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase
species diversity in an ecosystem
Predation can increase the diversity of prey species
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological
Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs:
At low latitudes
2: What geographic factors affect species
biodiversity?
Topography, elevation, soil type
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase
diversity?
When something happens it differs the areas affected by It and not affected by it so the species diversity increases
4: How do people
affect diversity?
Explain.
development of cities reduce biodiversity
Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological
Invasions
1: What is biological
diversity?
Biological diversity Is the variety of life forms.
2: What is a population?
population Is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area or interbreeding and sharing genetic information.
3: What is a species?
species are all individuals that are capable of interbreeding.
4: What are the 9 reasons why
people value
biodiversity?
Utilitarian, public-service, ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreational, spiritual and creative
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: total number of genetic characteristics of a specific specie or a group of species
* Habitat Diversity: the different kinds of habitat in a given unit area
* Species Diversity: has qualities of species richness, evenness and dominance.
* Species Richness: Total number of species
* Species Evenness: relative Abundance of species
* Dominant Species: most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of
life?
Eukaryota, bacteria and archaea
6: What is biological
evolution?
The change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological
diversity.
caused by changes in genes. Different genes make different DNA, which make different species
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
natural selection is the process of increasing the proportion of offspring . primary factors are
Genetic variability
environmental variability
Differential reproduction
Influence of the environment on survival and reproduction
A Closer Look 8.1
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria
Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates natural selection
Mosquitos found a resistance for DDT because they were highly affected by it, so it shows natural selection because from generation to generation the fitness of the mosquitoes become strong and resist DDT
Migration and Geographic Isolation
1: How does Darwin’s Finches
demonstrate the idea of Adaptive
Radiation?
The finches were related to dingle species found else were and they were separated fro other species found on Galapagos Island
2: Define: Genetic
Drift
Is the changes in the frequency of a gene in a population simply by chance
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
The founder effect is when number of individual are isolated from a larger population, and because it happens by chance it demonstrate genetic drift.
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of
Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution
tells us the following about
biodiversity:
1:Biological diversity is always changing
2: Adaptation has no rigid rules, one threat to ne specie is threat to another.
3: Species and population become geographically isolated from time to time
4:Speices are always evolving and adapting to environmental change.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel
into Great Britain demonstrates the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
the American gray squirrel our compete British red squirrel which was on the land first and this demonstrated the principle because if there was only British red squirrel they wouldn't be out competed
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
explains how so many species can coexist.
2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental is where species can live, realized is where species are living in
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two
organisms that is beneficial to both- each partner in symbiosis is called
a: Symbiont_________________
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
If neither of the two species can't survive without each other
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and
dogs
dogs being friendly and helpful to humans has made them very abundant
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase
species diversity in an ecosystem
Predation can increase the diversity of prey species
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological
Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs:
At low latitudes
2: What geographic factors affect species
biodiversity?
Topography, elevation, soil type
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase
diversity?
When something happens it differs the areas affected by It and not affected by it so the species diversity increases
4: How do people
affect diversity?
Explain.
development of cities reduce biodiversity
Increase
Physically diverse habitat
Moderate amounts of disturbance Small variation in environmental species High diversity at one trophic level An environment highly modified by life Middle stages of succession Evolution |
Decrease
Environmental stress
Extreme Environments A severe limitation in the supply of an essential resource Extreme amounts of disturbance Recent introduction of exotic species Geographic isolation |
Convergent and Divergent
Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the
following:
* Convergent Evolution : Similar shapes result from evolution in similar desert climates
* Divergent Evolution: Process in which a population is divided by geographic barriers
Invasions, Invasive Species and
Island
Biogeography
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
Islands have fewer species than continents
Two sources of new species on island are migration and evolution
The smaller the island the fewer the species
The farther the island is from the mainland the fewer the species
2: What is an ecological island?
is comparatively small habitat separated by a major habitat
Study
Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
Because of competition with the native species